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Difference between revisions of "Pesta 2012 Methods Mol Biol"

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{{Publication
{{Publication
|title=[[Image:O2k-Protocols.jpg|right|80px|link=O2k-Protocols|O2k-Protocols]] Pesta D, Gnaiger E (2012) High-resolution respirometry. OXPHOS protocols for human cells and permeabilized fibres from small biopsies of human muscle. Methods Mol Biol 810:25-58.  
|title=Pesta D, Gnaiger E (2012) High-resolution respirometry. OXPHOS protocols for human cells and permeabilized fibers from small biopsies of human muscle. Methods Mol Biol 810:25-58. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-382-0_3
|info=[[File:PDF.jpg|100px|link=http://wiki.oroboros.at/images/c/ca/Pesta_2012_Methods_Mol_Biol.pdf |Bioblast pdf]]
|info=[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22057559 PMID: 22057559], [[File:PDF.jpg|100px|link=http://wiki.oroboros.at/images/c/ca/Pesta_2012_Methods_Mol_Biol.pdf |Bioblast pdf]]
|authors=Pesta D, Gnaiger E
[[Image:O2k-Protocols.jpg|right|80px|link=O2k-Protocols|O2k-Protocols]]
|authors=Pesta Dominik, Gnaiger Erich
|year=2012
|year=2012
|journal=Methods Mol Biol
|journal=Methods Mol Biol
|abstract=» [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22057559 PMID: 22057559]
|abstract=[[File:Pesta 2012 Methods Mol Biol Fig7A.jpg|right|500px|thumb |Fig. 7A. Substrate-uncoupler-inhibitor titration (SUIT) protocol with substrates for fatty acid oxidation (FAO), NADH-pathway (N), and succinate-pathway (S). Superimposed oxygraph traces (mass-specific oxygen flux [pmol O2∙s<sup>-1</sup>∙mg<sup>-1</sup> ''m''<sub>w</sub>]) from parallel measurements in two chambers with permeabilized fibers from a biopsy of human vastus lateralis, 3.4 and 2.8 mg ''m''<sub>w</sub> in the left and right O2k-Chamber.  U indicates uncoupler titrations; 1 µM FCCP was the optimum concentration stimulating maximum oxygen flux. Oxygen flux is not shown during a few minutes after oxygenations by oxygen or hydrogen peroxide, when the calculation of slopes is disturbed by the step changes in oxygen concentration. 37 °C, MiR06, 2 mL chambers; experiment 2010-03-04 CD-01.]]]]  
[[File:Pesta 2012 Methods Mol Biol Fig7A.jpg|right|500px|thumb |Fig. 7A (with updated symbols)*. Substrate-uncoupler-inhibitor titration (SUIT) protocol with substrates for fatty acid oxidation (FAO), Complex I (CI), and Complex II (CII). Superimposed oxygraph traces (mass-specific oxygen flux [pmol O2∙s<sup>-1</sup>∙mg<sup>-1</sup> ''W''<sub>w</sub>]) from parallel measurements in two chambers with permeabilized fibres from a biopsy of human vastus lateralis, 3.4 and 2.8 mg ''W''<sub>w</sub> in the left and right O2k-Chamber.  U indicates uncoupler titrations; 1 µM FCCP was the optimum concentration stimulating maxmum oxygen flux. Oxygen flux is not shown during a few minutes after oxygenations by oxygen or hydrogen peroxide, when the calculation of slopes is disturbed by the step changes in oxygen concentration. 37 °C, MiR06, 2 ml chambers; experiment 2010-03-04 CD-01.]]]] Protocols for [[high-resolution respirometry]] of intact cells, permeabilized cells, and permeabilized muscle fibres offer sensitive diagnostic tests of integrated mitochondrial function using standard cell culture techniques and small needle biopsies of muscle. '''Substrate-uncoupler-inhibitor titration ([[SUIT]]) protocols''' for analysis of oxidative phosphorylation improve our understanding of mitochondrial respiratory control and the pathophysiology of mitochondrial diseases. Respiratory states are defined in functional terms to account for the network of metabolic interactions in complex SUIT protols with stepwise modulation of coupling and substrate control. A regulated degree of intrinsic [[uncoupling]] is a hallmark of oxidative phosphorylation, whereas pathological and toxicological [[dyscoupling]] is evaluated as a mitochondrial defect. The [[noncoupled]] state of maximum respiration is experimentally induced by titration of established uncouplers (FCCP, DNP), to decrease the proton gradient across the mitochondrial inner membrane and measure the capacity of the electron transfer system ([[ETS]], open-circuit operation of respiration). Intrinsic uncoupling and dyscoupling are evaluated as the flux control ratio between non-phosphorylating [[LEAK respiration]] (electron flow coupled to proton pumping to compensate for proton leaks) and [[ETS capacity]]. If [[OXPHOS capacity]] (maximally ADP stimulated oxygen flux) is less than ETS capacity, the phosphorylation system contributes to flux control. Physiological Complex I<small>&</small>II substrate combinations support maximum ETS and OXPHOS capacities, due to the additive effect of multiple electron supply pathways converging at the [[Q-junction]]. Substrate control with electron entry separately through [[Complex I]] (pyruvate+malate or glutamate+malate) or [[Complex II]] (succinate&rotenone) restricts ETS capacity and artificially enhances flux control upstream of the Q-cycle, providing diagnostic information on specific branches of the ETS. Oxygen levels are maintained above air saturation in protocols with permeabilized muscle fibres to avoid experimental oxygen limitation of respiration.
Protocols for [[high-resolution respirometry]] of living cells, permeabilized cells, and permeabilized muscle fibers offer sensitive diagnostic tests of integrated mitochondrial function using standard cell culture techniques and small needle biopsies of muscle. '''Substrate-uncoupler-inhibitor titration ([[SUIT]]) protocols''' for analysis of oxidative phosphorylation improve our understanding of mitochondrial respiratory control and the pathophysiology of mitochondrial diseases. Respiratory states are defined in functional terms to account for the network of metabolic interactions in complex SUIT protols with stepwise modulation of coupling and substrate control. A regulated degree of intrinsic [[uncoupling]] is a hallmark of oxidative phosphorylation, whereas pathological and toxicological [[dyscoupling]] is evaluated as a mitochondrial defect. The [[noncoupled]] state of maximum respiration is experimentally induced by titration of established uncouplers (FCCP, DNP), to decrease the proton gradient across the mitochondrial inner membrane and measure the capacity of the electron transfer-pathway ([[Electron transfer pathway]], open-circuit operation of respiration). Intrinsic uncoupling and dyscoupling are evaluated as the flux control ratio between non-phosphorylating [[LEAK respiration]] (electron flow coupled to proton pumping to compensate for proton leaks) and [[ET-capacity]]. If [[OXPHOS-capacity]] (maximally ADP stimulated oxygen flux) is less than ET-capacity, the phosphorylation system contributes to flux control. Physiological NS-substrate combinations support maximum Electron transfer pathway and OXPHOS capacities, due to the additive effect of multiple electron supply pathways converging at the [[Q-junction]]. Substrate control with electron entry separately through [[Complex I]] (pyruvate&malate or glutamate&malate) or [[Complex II]] (succinate&rotenone) restricts ET-capacity and artificially enhances flux control upstream of the Q-cycle, providing diagnostic information on specific branches of the Electron transfer pathway. Oxygen levels are maintained above air saturation in protocols with permeabilized muscle fibers to avoid experimental oxygen limitation of respiration.


Standardized two-point calibration of the polarographic oxygen sensor (static sensor calibration), calibration of the sensor response time (dynamic sensor calibration), and evaluation of [[instrumental background oxygen flux]] (systemic flux compensation) provide the unique experimental basis for high accuracy of quantitative results and quality control in high-resolution respirometry.
Standardized two-point calibration of the polarographic oxygen sensor (static sensor calibration), calibration of the sensor response time (dynamic sensor calibration), and evaluation of [[MiPNet14.06 Instrumental O2 background |instrumental background oxygen flux]] (systemic flux compensation) provide the unique experimental basis for high accuracy of quantitative results and quality control in high-resolution respirometry.


»SUIT protocol: [[SUIT_FNS(GM)02]]
''Terminology and abbreviations edited according to [[BEC 2020.1]]'' ([[Gnaiger E]]).<sup>*</sup>
|keywords=Substrate-uncoupler-inhibitor titration, Human vastus lateralis, Needle biopsy, HEK, HPMC, HUVEC, Fibroblasts, Routine respiration, Oxidative phosphorylation, Q-junction, Pyruvate, Glutamate, Malate, Succinate, Leak, Coupling control, Uncoupling, Oxygraph, Oxygen flux, Residual oxygen consumption, Instrumental background
|keywords=Substrate-uncoupler-inhibitor titration, Human vastus lateralis, Needle biopsy, HEK, HPMC, HUVEC, Fibroblasts, Routine respiration, Oxidative phosphorylation, Q-junction, Pyruvate, Glutamate, Malate, Succinate, Leak, Coupling control, Uncoupling, Oxygraph, Oxygen flux, Residual oxygen consumption, Instrumental background
|mipnetlab=AT Innsbruck Gnaiger E, AT Innsbruck MitoCom
|mipnetlab=AT Innsbruck Gnaiger E, AT Innsbruck Oroboros, AT Innsbruck MitoCom, DE Cologne Pesta D
}}
}}
[[File:FNS 1OctM 2D&Dc 3G 4S 5U 6Rot.jpg|right|300px|link=SUIT_FNS(GM)02 |SUIT_FNS(GM)02]]
[[File:1OctM;2D;3G;4S;5U;6Rot-.jpg|right|300px|link=1OctM;2D;3G;4S;5U;6Rot- |1OctM;2D;3G;4S;5U;6Rot-]]
{{Labeling
== SUIT protocol ==
|area=Respiration, Instruments;methods, mt-Biogenesis;mt-density, Comparative MiP;environmental MiP, Exercise physiology;nutrition;life style, mt-Medicine
****: [[SUIT-017 |1OctM;2D;3G;4S;5U;6Rot-]]
|organism=Human
 
|tissues=Skeletal muscle
'''»''' [[MitoPedia: Respiratory states]] [[Image:P.jpg|link=OXPHOS-capacity|OXPHOS]] [[Image:R.jpg|link=ROUTINE respiration|ROUTINE]] [[Image:E.jpg|link=ET-capacity|ET-capacity]] [[Image:L.jpg|link=LEAK respiration|LEAK]] [[Image:ROX.jpg|link=Residual oxygen consumption|ROX]]
|model cell lines=HEK, Fibroblast, HUVEC, Other cell lines
|preparations=Intact cells, Permeabilized cells, Permeabilized tissue
|enzymes=Marker enzyme
|topics=ADP, Coupling efficiency;uncoupling, Cyt c, Flux control, Oxygen kinetics, Substrate, Threshold;excess capacity, Fatty acid
|couplingstates=LEAK, ROUTINE, OXPHOS, ETS
|substratestates=CI, CII, FAO, CI&II, ROX
|instruments=Oxygraph-2k, TIP2k, O2k-Protocol
|additional=MitoPathways, O2k-chemicals and media, Mt-preparations, O2k-Demo, O2k-Core
}}
'''»''' [[MitoPedia: Respiratory states]] [[Image:P.jpg|link=OXPHOS capacity|OXPHOS]] [[Image:R.jpg|link=ROUTINE respiration|ROUTINE]] [[Image:E.jpg|link=ETS capacity|ETS]] [[Image:L.jpg|link=LEAK respiration|LEAK]] [[Image:ROX.jpg|link=Residual oxygen consumption|ROX]]




== Correction ==
== Correction ==
* '''Tab. 2:''' ETS capacity of HEK 293 cells is '''47 ± 7''' (the value of 14 ± 2 given in the table is that of ROUTINE respiration).
::::* '''Tab. 2:''' ET-capacity of HEK 293 cells is '''47 ± 7''' (the value of 14 ± 2 given in the table is that of ROUTINE respiration).
* '''Fig. 7a:''' 'Myothiazol' should be corrected to '[[Myxothiazol]]'.
::::* '''Fig. 7a:''' 'Myothiazol' should be corrected to '[[Myxothiazol]]'.


== Update ==
== Update ==
* Tab. 1: Malate was generally used at 2 mM final concentration. New evaluations of SUIT protocols analyze the inhibitory effect of malate on CII-linked respiration, and the possibility to compensate for this by increasing succinate concentrations >10 mM. >> '''''More details'': [[Malate]]'''
::::* Tab. 1: Malate was generally used at 2 mM final concentration. New evaluations of SUIT protocols analyze the inhibitory effect of malate on CII-linked respiration, and the possibility to compensate for this by increasing succinate concentrations >10 mM.  
::::» '''''More details'': [[Malate]]'''


* New terminology ([[Gnaiger 2014 MitoPathways]]): (i) 'ETF+CI' was used to indicate fatty acid oxidation (FAO), when [[electron-transferring flavoprotein complex]] (CETF) and Complex I (CI) are stimulated simultaneously (octanoylcarnitine&malate). Since this combined action is a general reqirement for FAO, a simpler symbol is '''FAO''' for the respiratory activity with FAO-linked substrates. (ii) 'CI+ETF' indicated respiration in the presence of a cocktail of Complex I-linked substrates (glutamate&malate) and electron transferring flavoprotein-linked substrate (octanoylcarnitine). It is suggested to use the symbol '''CI<small>&</small>FAO''' to indicate respiration measured in the presence of such a substrate cocktail, which then is distinguished from CI+FAO which is the calculated sum of respiratory activities measured separately with CI-linked and FAO-linked substrates. Similarly, 'CI+II+ETF' is replaced by '''CI<small>&</small>II<small>&</small>FAO'''.
::::* New terminology ([[Gnaiger 2020 BEC MitoPathways]]): (i) 'ETF+CI' was used to indicate fatty acid oxidation (FAO), when [[electron-transferring flavoprotein complex]] (CETF) and Complex I (CI) are stimulated simultaneously (octanoylcarnitine&malate). Since this combined action is a general reqirement for FAO, a simpler symbol is '''FAO''' for the respiratory activity with FAO-linked substrates. (ii) 'CI+ETF' indicated respiration in the presence of a cocktail of Complex I-linked substrates (glutamate&malate) and electron transferring flavoprotein-linked substrate (octanoylcarnitine). It is suggested to use the symbol FN (or FAO<small>&</small>CI) to indicate respiration measured in the presence of such a F-junction and N-junction substrate cocktail, which then is distinguished from FAO+CI which is the calculated sum of respiratory activities measured separately with F- and N- (FAO-linked and CI-linked) substrates. Similarly, 'CI+II+ETF' is replaced by FNS (FAO<small>&</small>CI<small>&</small>II).


== O2k-Publications ==
== O2k-Publications ==
* [[O2k-Publications: Instruments;methods]]
::::* [[O2k-Publications: Instruments;methods]]


== Bioblast Alert ==
== Bioblast Alert ==


* The most popular O2k-Publication on Bioblast of the year 2013 and 2014.
::::* The most popular O2k-Publication on Bioblast of the year 2013 and 2014.
* [[Bioblast_alert#Bioblast_alert_2011_.2804.29:_2011-12-24|Bioblast alert 2011 (4)]]
::::* [[Bioblast_alert_2011#Bioblast_alert_2011.2804.29:_2011-12-24|Bioblast alert 2011 (4)]]
 
== Cited by ==
::* 328 articles in PubMed (2021-12-27) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22057559/
{{Template:Cited by Gnaiger 2020 BEC MitoPathways}}
{{Template:Cited by Gnaiger 2020 BEC MitoPhysiology}}
{{Template:Cited by Komlodi 2021 MitoFit AmR}}
{{Template:Cited by Komlodi 2022 MitoFit ROS review}}
{{Labeling
|area=Respiration, Instruments;methods, mt-Biogenesis;mt-density, Comparative MiP;environmental MiP, Exercise physiology;nutrition;life style, mt-Medicine
|organism=Human
|tissues=Skeletal muscle, Other cell lines, HEK, Fibroblast, HUVEC
|preparations=Intact cells, Permeabilized cells, Permeabilized tissue
|enzymes=Marker enzyme
|topics=ADP, Coupling efficiency;uncoupling, Cyt c, Flux control, Oxygen kinetics, Substrate, Threshold;excess capacity, Fatty acid
|couplingstates=LEAK, ROUTINE, OXPHOS, ET
|pathways=F, N, S, NS, ROX
|instruments=Oxygraph-2k, TIP2k, O2k-Protocol
|additional=MitoPathways, Mt-preparations, O2k-Demo, O2k-Core, 1OctM;2D;3G;4S;5U;6Rot-, SUIT-017, SUIT-017 O2 pfi D049, Uncoupling, BEC 2020.1, BEC 2020.2, MitoFit 2021 PLT, MitoFit 2021 AmR, MitoFit 2022 ROS review, MitoFit2022QC
}}

Latest revision as of 09:11, 23 May 2022

Publications in the MiPMap
Pesta D, Gnaiger E (2012) High-resolution respirometry. OXPHOS protocols for human cells and permeabilized fibers from small biopsies of human muscle. Methods Mol Biol 810:25-58. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-382-0_3

» PMID: 22057559, Bioblast pdf

O2k-Protocols

Pesta Dominik, Gnaiger Erich (2012) Methods Mol Biol

Abstract:

Fig. 7A. Substrate-uncoupler-inhibitor titration (SUIT) protocol with substrates for fatty acid oxidation (FAO), NADH-pathway (N), and succinate-pathway (S). Superimposed oxygraph traces (mass-specific oxygen flux [pmol O2∙s-1∙mg-1 mw]) from parallel measurements in two chambers with permeabilized fibers from a biopsy of human vastus lateralis, 3.4 and 2.8 mg mw in the left and right O2k-Chamber. U indicates uncoupler titrations; 1 µM FCCP was the optimum concentration stimulating maximum oxygen flux. Oxygen flux is not shown during a few minutes after oxygenations by oxygen or hydrogen peroxide, when the calculation of slopes is disturbed by the step changes in oxygen concentration. 37 °C, MiR06, 2 mL chambers; experiment 2010-03-04 CD-01.

Protocols for high-resolution respirometry of living cells, permeabilized cells, and permeabilized muscle fibers offer sensitive diagnostic tests of integrated mitochondrial function using standard cell culture techniques and small needle biopsies of muscle. Substrate-uncoupler-inhibitor titration (SUIT) protocols for analysis of oxidative phosphorylation improve our understanding of mitochondrial respiratory control and the pathophysiology of mitochondrial diseases. Respiratory states are defined in functional terms to account for the network of metabolic interactions in complex SUIT protols with stepwise modulation of coupling and substrate control. A regulated degree of intrinsic uncoupling is a hallmark of oxidative phosphorylation, whereas pathological and toxicological dyscoupling is evaluated as a mitochondrial defect. The noncoupled state of maximum respiration is experimentally induced by titration of established uncouplers (FCCP, DNP), to decrease the proton gradient across the mitochondrial inner membrane and measure the capacity of the electron transfer-pathway (Electron transfer pathway, open-circuit operation of respiration). Intrinsic uncoupling and dyscoupling are evaluated as the flux control ratio between non-phosphorylating LEAK respiration (electron flow coupled to proton pumping to compensate for proton leaks) and ET-capacity. If OXPHOS-capacity (maximally ADP stimulated oxygen flux) is less than ET-capacity, the phosphorylation system contributes to flux control. Physiological NS-substrate combinations support maximum Electron transfer pathway and OXPHOS capacities, due to the additive effect of multiple electron supply pathways converging at the Q-junction. Substrate control with electron entry separately through Complex I (pyruvate&malate or glutamate&malate) or Complex II (succinate&rotenone) restricts ET-capacity and artificially enhances flux control upstream of the Q-cycle, providing diagnostic information on specific branches of the Electron transfer pathway. Oxygen levels are maintained above air saturation in protocols with permeabilized muscle fibers to avoid experimental oxygen limitation of respiration.

Standardized two-point calibration of the polarographic oxygen sensor (static sensor calibration), calibration of the sensor response time (dynamic sensor calibration), and evaluation of instrumental background oxygen flux (systemic flux compensation) provide the unique experimental basis for high accuracy of quantitative results and quality control in high-resolution respirometry.

Terminology and abbreviations edited according to BEC 2020.1 (Gnaiger E).*]] Keywords: Substrate-uncoupler-inhibitor titration, Human vastus lateralis, Needle biopsy, HEK, HPMC, HUVEC, Fibroblasts, Routine respiration, Oxidative phosphorylation, Q-junction, Pyruvate, Glutamate, Malate, Succinate, Leak, Coupling control, Uncoupling, Oxygraph, Oxygen flux, Residual oxygen consumption, Instrumental background

O2k-Network Lab: AT Innsbruck Gnaiger E, AT Innsbruck Oroboros, AT Innsbruck MitoCom, DE Cologne Pesta D

1OctM;2D;3G;4S;5U;6Rot-

SUIT protocol

» MitoPedia: Respiratory states OXPHOS ROUTINE ET-capacity LEAK ROX


Correction

  • Tab. 2: ET-capacity of HEK 293 cells is 47 ± 7 (the value of 14 ± 2 given in the table is that of ROUTINE respiration).
  • Fig. 7a: 'Myothiazol' should be corrected to 'Myxothiazol'.

Update

  • Tab. 1: Malate was generally used at 2 mM final concentration. New evaluations of SUIT protocols analyze the inhibitory effect of malate on CII-linked respiration, and the possibility to compensate for this by increasing succinate concentrations >10 mM.
» More details: Malate
  • New terminology (Gnaiger 2020 BEC MitoPathways): (i) 'ETF+CI' was used to indicate fatty acid oxidation (FAO), when electron-transferring flavoprotein complex (CETF) and Complex I (CI) are stimulated simultaneously (octanoylcarnitine&malate). Since this combined action is a general reqirement for FAO, a simpler symbol is FAO for the respiratory activity with FAO-linked substrates. (ii) 'CI+ETF' indicated respiration in the presence of a cocktail of Complex I-linked substrates (glutamate&malate) and electron transferring flavoprotein-linked substrate (octanoylcarnitine). It is suggested to use the symbol FN (or FAO&CI) to indicate respiration measured in the presence of such a F-junction and N-junction substrate cocktail, which then is distinguished from FAO+CI which is the calculated sum of respiratory activities measured separately with F- and N- (FAO-linked and CI-linked) substrates. Similarly, 'CI+II+ETF' is replaced by FNS (FAO&CI&II).

O2k-Publications

Bioblast Alert

Cited by

Gnaiger 2020 BEC MitoPathways
Gnaiger E (2020) Mitochondrial pathways and respiratory control. An introduction to OXPHOS analysis. 5th ed. Bioenerg Commun 2020.2. https://doi.org/10.26124/bec:2020-0002


Gnaiger Erich et al ― MitoEAGLE Task Group (2020) Mitochondrial physiology. Bioenerg Commun 2020.1.
Gnaiger E et al ― MitoEAGLE Task Group (2020) Mitochondrial physiology. Bioenerg Commun 2020.1. doi:10.26124/bec:2020-0001.v1.


  • Komlódi T, Schmitt S, Zdrazilova L, Donnelly C, Zischka H, Gnaiger E. Oxygen dependence of hydrogen peroxide production in isolated mitochondria and permeabilized cells. MitoFit Preprints (in prep).
  • Komlódi T, Gnaiger E (2022) Discrepancy on oxygen dependence of mitochondrial ROS production - review. MitoFit Preprints 2022 (in prep).

Labels: MiParea: Respiration, Instruments;methods, mt-Biogenesis;mt-density, Comparative MiP;environmental MiP, Exercise physiology;nutrition;life style, mt-Medicine 


Organism: Human  Tissue;cell: Skeletal muscle, Other cell lines, HEK, Fibroblast, HUVEC  Preparation: Intact cells, Permeabilized cells, Permeabilized tissue  Enzyme: Marker enzyme  Regulation: ADP, Coupling efficiency;uncoupling, Cyt c, Flux control, Oxygen kinetics, Substrate, Threshold;excess capacity, Fatty acid  Coupling state: LEAK, ROUTINE, OXPHOS, ET  Pathway: F, N, S, NS, ROX  HRR: Oxygraph-2k, TIP2k, O2k-Protocol 

MitoPathways, Mt-preparations, O2k-Demo, O2k-Core, 1OctM;2D;3G;4S;5U;6Rot-, SUIT-017, SUIT-017 O2 pfi D049, Uncoupling, BEC 2020.1, BEC 2020.2, MitoFit 2021 PLT, MitoFit 2021 AmR, MitoFit 2022 ROS review, MitoFit2022QC