Ferner 2016 Br J Clin Pharmacol: Difference between revisions
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::::* "The fundamental ideas behind Guldberg and Waage's Law of Mass Action, namely that in an elementary reaction the rate depends on the concentrations of reactants and the stoichiometry of the reaction and that at equilibrium the products and reactants are in fixed ratio, have profoundly influenced pharmacology." | ::::* "The fundamental ideas behind Guldberg and Waage's Law of Mass Action, namely that in an elementary reaction the rate depends on the concentrations of reactants and the stoichiometry of the reaction and that at equilibrium the products and reactants are in fixed ratio, have profoundly influenced pharmacology." | ||
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|area=Pharmacology;toxicology | |area=Pharmacology;toxicology |
Latest revision as of 17:04, 16 January 2021
Ferner RE, Aronson JK (2016) Cato Guldberg and Peter Waage, the history of the Law of Mass Action, and its relevance to clinical pharmacology. Br J Clin Pharmacol 81:52-5. doi:10.1111/bcp.12721. |
ยป Open Access
Ferner RE, Aronson JK (2016) Br J Clin Pharmacol
Abstract: We have traced the historical link between the Law of Mass Action and clinical pharmacology. The Law evolved from the work of the French chemist Claude Louis Berthollet, was first formulated by Cato Guldberg and Peter Waage in 1864 and later clarified by the Dutch chemist Jacobus van โt Hoff in 1877. It has profoundly influenced our qualitative and quantitative understanding of a number of physiological and pharmacological phenomena. According to the Law of Mass Action, the velocity of a chemical reaction depends on the concentrations of the reactants. At equilibrium the concentrations of the chemicals involved bear a constant relation to each other, described by the equilibrium constant, K. The Law of Mass Action is relevant to various physiological and pharmacological concepts, including concentrationโeffect curves, doseโresponse curves, and ligandโreceptor binding curves, all of which are important in describing the pharmacological actions of medications, the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, which describes the binding of medications to proteins, activation curves for transmembrane ion transport, enzyme inhibition and the HendersonโHasselbalch equation, which describes the relation between pH, as a measure of acidity and the concentrations of the contributory acids and bases. Guldberg and Waage recognized the importance of dynamic equilibrium, while others failed to do so. Their ideas, over 150โyears old, are embedded in and still relevant to clinical pharmacology. Here we explain the ideas and in a subsequent paper show how they are relevant to understanding adverse drug reactions.
โข Bioblast editor: Gnaiger E
Affinity
- "The concept of โaffinityโ as the chemical force that holds together dissimilar substances is ascribed to Herman Boerhaave (1668โ1738), the influential Leiden physician and the author of Elementa chemiae. As he wrote: โโฆthe dissolving and dissolved particles [โฆ] unite, by the affinity of their own nature, into homogeneous bodiesโ."
- "The French chemist Claude Louis Berthollet (1748โ1822) then considered the driving force behind chemical reactions and established the relation between the mass of a substance and the rate at which it undergoes a chemical reaction."
- "It was not until 1864, however, that the Norwegian mathematician Cato Guldberg (1836โ1902) and the chemist Peter Waage (1833โ1900), Guldberg's brotherโinโlaw, clearly propounded the Law of Mass Action. That their paper was neglected was perhaps foreseeable, since it was written in Norwegian."
- "The fundamental ideas behind Guldberg and Waage's Law of Mass Action, namely that in an elementary reaction the rate depends on the concentrations of reactants and the stoichiometry of the reaction and that at equilibrium the products and reactants are in fixed ratio, have profoundly influenced pharmacology."
Cited by
- Gnaiger E (2020) Mitochondrial pathways and respiratory control. An introduction to OXPHOS analysis. 5th ed. Bioenerg Commun 2020.2. https://doi.org/10.26124/bec:2020-0002
Labels: MiParea: Pharmacology;toxicology
Regulation: Flux control
BEC 2020.2