Bioblast quiz

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Exemplary quiz

Note: Questions in this exemplary quiz were used from a set of questions prepared for the MiPschool Tromso-Bergen 2018: The protonmotive force and respiratory control. 1. Coupling of electron transfer reactions to vectorial translocation of protons. 2. From Einstein’s diffusion equation on gradients to Fick’s law on compartments. - Gnaiger 2018 MiPschool Tromso A2

Only one correct answer.

1 Convert the molar format of the Gibbs force of reaction, Δ_kF_nO2 [kJ/mol], into the electrical format, Δ_kF_eO2 [V]. Which physicochemical constant is required?

constant

2 What is the meaning of the symbol z_O2?

	Alphabetical order of O2 isotope
	Atomic number of O2 = 8
	Charge number of O2 = 4
	Elementary charge of O2 in [C]

3 How are the units of electric energy [J] and electric force [V] related?

	V = J·C
	V = (J·F)/C
	V = J/C
	V = J/(C·F)

4 Express -460 kJ/mol O₂ as electrical force in units of volt [V].

	-1.2 V
	- 1.2 kV
	- 120 V
	1.2 V

5 Why should we do that?

	To express both in identical motive units [MU]
	To feel insecure
	To compliment our brain mitochondria
	To get free drinks

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Blue Book Bioblast Quiz

Blue Book chapter 1: basic questions

1 The Oroboros-O2k is primarily designed for which type of research?

	Quantification of mitochondrial DNA
	Glycolysis rate measurement
	Measurement of mitochondrial membrane potential only
	Comprehensive mitochondrial function assessment, including oxygen consumption

2 Peter Mitchell's chemiosmotic coupling theory places fundamental importance on what concept for bioenergetics?

	Bioblasts as the systematic unit
	The role of cytochromes
	The operation of ATP synthase
	Mitochondrial DNA's function

3 Which is NOT a parameter measured by integrating fluorometry into high-resolution respirometry?

	H2O2 production
	Glucose uptake rates
	O2 consumption rates
	Mitochondrial membrane potential changes

4 The statement that mitochondrial fitness "solely depends on the genetic makeup of the individual" is:

	Misleading, since mitochondrial fitness can be improved with supplements.
	True, but only in the context of mitochondrial diseases.
	Incorrect, as lifestyle and environmental factors also significantly influence mitochondrial fitness.
	True, genetics are the only factor.

5 What does the term "bioblasts" refer to in the context of mitochondrial physiology?

	The smallest units of DNA within mitochondria.
	A specific type of mitochondria found in muscle cells.
	Elementary units or microorganisms acting wherever living forces are present, essentially mitochondria.
	Enzymes involved in the electron transport chain.

6 Which of the following is NOT a result of a measurement by the Oroboros-O2k?

	Calcium concentration
	Protein synthesis rates
	H2O2 production
	ATP production

7 What components constitute the protonmotive force (pmF) essential for ATP synthesis in mitochondria?

	ΔΨ and solute concentration
	ΔΨ (mitochondrial membrane potential) and ΔpH
	Only ΔΨ
	Only ΔpH

8 High-resolution respirometry (HRR) is primarily used for what purpose?

	Observing mitochondria physically
	pH measurement of the mitochondrial matrix
	Quantitative analysis of mitochondrial respiration and function
	Measuring cellular glucose concentration

9 Oxygen concentration impacts mitochondrial respiratory control by:

	Influencing exergonic and endergonic reactions in OXPHOS
	Having no significant impact on mitochondrial function
	Being inversely proportional to the rate of ATP synthesis
	Directly determining the rate of glycolysis

10 The "Q-junction" in mitochondrial respiratory control serves as:

	The site of ATP synthesis
	The mitochondrial DNA replication site
	The location where glucose is converted into pyruvate
	A convergence point for multiple electron transport pathways

11 SUIT protocols in mitochondrial research are designed to:

	Analyze the effects of substrates, uncouplers, and inhibitors on respiratory control
	Measure the physical size of mitochondria under different conditions
	Identify the best culture medium for mitochondrial growth
	Disrupt mitochondrial DNA and study its effects on respiration

12 NADH-linked substrates are used in physiological respiratory states to:

	Bypass the electron transport system
	Demonstrate substrates irrelevant to mitochondrial physiology
	Represent substrates feeding electrons into the ETS, simulating physiological conditions
	Reflect the exclusive type of substrates used by mitochondria

13 The primary purpose of integrating fluorometry with high-resolution respirometry is to:

	Increase the resolution of respirometry measurements alone
	Allow for the observation of mitochondrial shape and size
	Decrease the time required for each measurement
	Enable simultaneous measurement of oxygen consumption and other mitochondrial parameters

14 Which statement accurately describes the significance of LEAK respiration in the context of mitochondrial function?

	It is the maximum respiration rate achievable by mitochondria.
	It denotes the respiration process exclusive to glycolytic cells.
	It indicates the rate of oxygen consumption for ATP synthesis.
	It represents the energy consumed to maintain ionic gradients in the absence of ATP synthesis.

15 In mitochondrial research, the term "ET capacity" refers to:

	The capacity for energy transfer within the mitochondrion.
	The ability of the endoplasmic reticulum to transfer proteins to mitochondria.
	The maximum electron transport rate through the electron transport chain under optimal conditions.
	The enzyme titration capacity in metabolic pathways.

16 Which of the following is NOT a direct measurement capability of the Oroboros-O2k?

	Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production
	Mitochondrial DNA replication rates
	Calcium ion concentration in the mitochondrial matrix
	ATP production rates

17 The addition of fluorescent dyes in O2k-FluoRespirometer measurements allows for the assessment of:

	The rate of glycolysis in mitochondria
	Nuclear DNA mutations
	Membrane fluidity and viscosity
	Mitochondrial membrane potential changes

18 The primary purpose of substrate-uncoupler-inhibitor titration (SUIT) protocols in mitochondrial research is to:

	Measure the physical dimensions of mitochondria under various metabolic conditions
	Determine the maximum capacity of the electron transport system (ETS)
	Identify the optimal conditions for ATP synthesis
	Investigate the effects of different substrates, uncouplers, and inhibitors on mitochondrial respiratory control

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Blue Book chapter 1: Advanced questions

1 Given the formula for protonmotive force (pmF) as Δp = Δψ - 2.303 (RT/F) (ΔpH), where Δψ is the mitochondrial membrane potential, R is the gas constant, T is temperature in Kelvin, F is Faraday's constant, and ΔpH is the pH gradient across the mitochondrial membrane. If Δψ = 150 mV, T = 310 K, and ΔpH = 1, calculate the pmF in millivolts (mV). Assume R = 8.314 J/mol·K and F = 96485 C/mol.

	Approximately 130 mV
	Approximately 220 mV
	Approximately 170 mV
	The pmF cannot be calculated without additional data

2 The P/O ratio is an indicator of the efficiency of ATP synthesis relative to oxygen consumption. If 10 moles of ATP are produced for every 5 moles of oxygen consumed, what is the P/O ratio? What does this imply about the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation efficiency?

	P/O = 2; indicates a high efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation
	P/O = 1; indicates a moderate efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation
	The P/O ratio is irrelevant to oxidative phosphorylation efficiency
	P/O = 0.5; indicates a low efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation

3 Assuming the standard reduction potential (E°') for NADH → NAD+ is -0.320 V and for O2 → H2O is +0.815 V, calculate the ΔE°' for the electron transport from NADH to O2. What does ΔE°' indicate about the potential energy available for ATP synthesis?

	ΔE°' = 0.495 V; indicates a moderate potential energy available for ATP synthesis
	ΔE°' = 1.135 V; indicates a high potential energy available for ATP synthesis

4 If the inner mitochondrial membrane has a surface area of 5.0 × 10^6 μm^2 per mg of protein and each Complex I can pump 4 protons across the membrane, how many protons are pumped per second assuming a turnover number of 100 s^-1 for Complex I?

	2.0 × 10^9 protons per second
	2.0 × 10^8 protons per second
	5.0 × 10^8 protons per second
	Calculation cannot be completed without the number of Complex I per μm^2

5 Using the Gibbs free energy equation ΔG = ΔG°' + RT ln(Q), where ΔG°' is the standard free energy change, R is the gas constant, T is the temperature in Kelvin, and Q is the reaction quotient. Calculate the ΔG for ATP synthesis if ΔG°' = -30.5 kJ/mol, T = 310 K, and the ATP/ADP ratio (Q) is 10. Assume R = 8.314 J/(mol·K).

	-35.2 kJ/mol
	Additional information is needed to calculate ΔG
	-45.6 kJ/mol
	-40.1 kJ/mol

6 The efficiency of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation can be described by the equation η = (ΔG_ATP/ΔG_O2) × 100%, where ΔG_ATP is the free energy change for ATP synthesis, and ΔG_O2 is the free energy change for oxygen reduction. If ΔG_ATP = -50 kJ/mol and ΔG_O2 = -200 kJ/mol, what is the efficiency (η) of oxidative phosphorylation?

	25%
	75%
	50%
	100%

7 Consider a mitochondrial uncoupling scenario where the membrane potential (Δψ) is decreased by 50% without altering the proton gradient (ΔpH). Using the Nernst equation for protons, E = (RT/zF)ln([H+]out/[H+]in), predict how this change affects the pmF. Assume R, T, F, and z values remain constant.

	pmF remains unchanged because ΔpH is constant
	Cannot predict without specific [H+]out/[H+]in values
	pmF decreases by 50%
	pmF decreases, but not by 50%

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Chapter 1.2 specific questions

1 Which mitochondrial preparation technique is most suitable for studying the effects of specific drugs on ATP production?

	Isolated mitochondrial fractions
	Selectively permeabilized cells
	Whole-cell lysates
	Tissue homogenates

2 In the context of mitochondrial diseases, why is it crucial to maintain the integrity of mitochondrial membranes during preparation?

	To enhance the structural appearance of mitochondria for photography
	To ensure the mitochondria can be visually distinguished under a microscope
	To prevent the release of mitochondrial DNA into the preparation medium
	To preserve the conditions necessary for accurate functional assays, such as measuring membrane potential

3 Match the mitochondrial preparation with its primary research application. Select the best match for "isolated mitochondrial fractions."

	Observations of mitochondrial behavior in living cells
	General screenings for mitochondrial content
	Structural analysis of mitochondrial networks
	Bioenergetic studies focusing on specific pathways

4 Considering the role of mitochondria in apoptosis, which aspect of mitochondrial preparations is crucial for studying their involvement in cell death mechanisms?

	The coloration of mitochondria for easier identification
	Maintaining the outer membrane's permeability to cytochrome c
	The ability to replicate mitochondrial DNA in vitro
	The size comparison between healthy and apoptotic mitochondria

5 Which statement best reflects the importance of studying mitochondrial bioenergetics in the context of metabolic diseases?

	Understanding mitochondrial function can lead to targeted therapies for diseases like diabetes
	The research is only relevant for academic purposes, not clinical applications
	It primarily aids in the classification of mitochondrial sizes
	It allows for the identification of new mitochondrial shapes

6 In the process of selectively permeabilizing cells for mitochondrial studies, what is the main goal?

	To isolate mitochondria for genetic engineering purposes
	To completely remove the cell nucleus
	To make mitochondria visible without staining
	To allow specific molecules to access mitochondria while preserving overall cellular and mitochondrial structure

7 How does the concept of "bioblasts" relate to modern mitochondrial research?

	It underscores the independence of mitochondria from cellular influence
	It is a deprecated term with no relevance to current studies
	It emphasizes the integrated role of mitochondria within cellular bioenergetics
	It highlights the historical view of mitochondria as autonomous entities

8 What advantage does using tissue homogenates offer in mitochondrial bioenergetic studies?

	They simplify the study of mitochondria by removing all non-mitochondrial elements.
	They allow for the direct manipulation of mitochondrial DNA.
	They are used exclusively for determining the mitochondrial protein composition.
	They provide a means to study mitochondrial function in a context that includes interactions with other cell types and structures

9 In mitochondrial preparations, why is the assessment of ATP synthesis capacity critical for understanding diseases like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's?

	ATP synthesis capacity directly correlates with the severity of neurodegenerative diseases.
	It helps in categorizing the diseases based on mitochondrial size.
	It can reveal the evolutionary origins of these diseases.
	Impaired ATP synthesis is a hallmark of many neurodegenerative conditions, affecting neuronal survival and function

10 Reflecting on the chapter's discussion, how do advancements in mitochondrial isolation techniques enhance our ability to treat metabolic disorders?

	They have no impact on treatment but offer insights into mitochondrial communication with extraterrestrial life
	By providing purely aesthetic insights into mitochondrial shape and structure
	By allowing for detailed study of mitochondrial function, leading to targeted therapeutic approaches
	Through the ability to transplant isolated mitochondria into patients

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