AMPK: Difference between revisions
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{{MitoPedia | {{MitoPedia | ||
|abbr=AMPK | |abbr=AMPK | ||
|description=AMP-activated protein kinase | |description='''AMP-activated protein kinase''' is a regulatory protein which acts as crucial cellular energy sensor by sensing AMP, [[ADP]] and/or Ca<sup>2+</sup> levels in response to metabolicΒ stresses or drug administration. | ||
|info= | |info=[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22436748 Hardie_2012_Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol]; [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19584320 Steinberg_2009_Physiol Rev] | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{MitoPedia methods}} | {{MitoPedia methods}} | ||
{{MitoPedia topics | {{MitoPedia topics | ||
|mitopedia topic=Enzyme | |mitopedia topic=Enzyme | ||
}} | }} | ||
AMPK is a regulatory protein which acts as crucial cellular energy sensor by sensing AMP, ADP and/or | '''AMPK''' is a regulatory protein which acts as crucial cellular energy sensor by sensing AMP, [[ADP]] and/or Ca<sup>2+</sup> levels in response to metabolic stresses or drug administration. AMPK can also be activated by reactive oxygen species ([[ROS]]) such as hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>). Basically, it regulates energy balance by activating catabolic pathways that generate ATP while conserving ATP by downregulating anabolic pathways. AMPK is a heterotrimeric protein (catalytic Ξ±-subunit and regulatory Ξ²- and Ξ³-subunits). The well-known oral antidiabetic drug metformin, thiazolidinediones, resveratrol and AICAR as well as many other xenobiothics exerts their mechanism of action by activating AMPK. | ||
Activation | '''Activation''' | ||
Severe cellular energy stress causes a rise in AMP/ATP and ADP/ATP ratios. Upon binding of AMP and - as has recently been found - ADP to regulatory Ξ³-subunit Thr172 is phosphorylated by upstream kinase LKB1βSTRADβMO25 complex or, alternatively, by | Β | ||
Severe cellular energy stress causes a rise in AMP/ATP and ADP/ATP ratios. Upon binding of AMP and - as has recently been found - ADP to regulatory Ξ³-subunit Thr172 is phosphorylated by upstream kinase LKB1βSTRADβMO25 complex or, alternatively, by Ca<sup>2+</sup>/calmodulin-activated protein kinase kinase, CaMKKΞ². CaMKKΞ², however, senses Ca<sup>2+</sup> levels rather than changes in adenine nucleotides. Upon activation, AMPK upregulates genes involved in oxidative metabolism and oxidative stress resistance by regulating a number of transcription factors which affects the healthy lifespan. It activates catabolic pathways such as glucose uptake, glycolysis, fatty acid uptake, and fatty acid oxidation. AMPK also induces mitochondrial biogenesis, most likely by directly phosphorylating PGC1Ξ±. |
Latest revision as of 08:58, 21 May 2012
Description
AMP-activated protein kinase is a regulatory protein which acts as crucial cellular energy sensor by sensing AMP, ADP and/or Ca2+ levels in response to metabolic stresses or drug administration.
Abbreviation: AMPK
Reference: Hardie_2012_Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol; Steinberg_2009_Physiol Rev
MitoPedia topics: Enzyme
AMPK is a regulatory protein which acts as crucial cellular energy sensor by sensing AMP, ADP and/or Ca2+ levels in response to metabolic stresses or drug administration. AMPK can also be activated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Basically, it regulates energy balance by activating catabolic pathways that generate ATP while conserving ATP by downregulating anabolic pathways. AMPK is a heterotrimeric protein (catalytic Ξ±-subunit and regulatory Ξ²- and Ξ³-subunits). The well-known oral antidiabetic drug metformin, thiazolidinediones, resveratrol and AICAR as well as many other xenobiothics exerts their mechanism of action by activating AMPK.
Activation
Severe cellular energy stress causes a rise in AMP/ATP and ADP/ATP ratios. Upon binding of AMP and - as has recently been found - ADP to regulatory Ξ³-subunit Thr172 is phosphorylated by upstream kinase LKB1βSTRADβMO25 complex or, alternatively, by Ca2+/calmodulin-activated protein kinase kinase, CaMKKΞ². CaMKKΞ², however, senses Ca2+ levels rather than changes in adenine nucleotides. Upon activation, AMPK upregulates genes involved in oxidative metabolism and oxidative stress resistance by regulating a number of transcription factors which affects the healthy lifespan. It activates catabolic pathways such as glucose uptake, glycolysis, fatty acid uptake, and fatty acid oxidation. AMPK also induces mitochondrial biogenesis, most likely by directly phosphorylating PGC1Ξ±.